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<title>Response element</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Response element</span></span>

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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p><i>Response elements</i> are short sequences of <a href="DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> within a gene <a href="Promoter_(genetics)" title="Promoter (genetics)">promoter</a> or <a href="Enhancer_(genetics)" title="Enhancer (genetics)">enhancer</a> region that are able to bind specific <a href="Transcription_factor" title="Transcription factor">transcription factors</a> and regulate <a href="Transcription_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcription (genetics)">transcription</a> of <a href="Gene" title="Gene">genes</a>.

</p><p>Under conditions of stress, a transcription activator protein binds to the response element and stimulates transcription. If the same response element sequence is located in the control regions of different genes, then these genes will be activated by the same stimuli, thus producing a coordinated response.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hormone_response_element">Hormone response element</h2></div>

<p>A <b>hormone response element</b> (HRE) is a short sequence of <a href="DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> within the <a href="Promoter_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Promoter (biology)">promoter</a> of a gene, that is able to bind to a specific <a href="Steroid_hormone_receptor" title="Steroid hormone receptor">hormone receptor</a> complex and therefore regulate <a href="Transcription_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcription (genetics)">transcription</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-web1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sequence is most commonly a pair of <a href="Inverted_repeat" title="Inverted repeat">inverted repeats</a> separated by three nucleotides, which also indicates that the receptor binds as a <a href="Protein_dimer" title="Protein dimer">dimer</a>. Specifically, HRE responds to steroid hormones, as the activated steroid receptor is the transcription factor binding HRE. This regulates the transcription of genes signalled by the steroid hormone.

</p><p>A gene may have many different response elements, allowing complex control to be exerted over the level and rate of transcription.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-7167-4366-3_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-7167-4366-3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>HRE are used in <a href="Transgenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgenic">transgenic</a> animal cells as <a href="Inducer_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inducer (biology)">inducers</a> of gene expression.

</p><p>Examples of HREs include estrogen response elements and androgen response elements.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2></div>

<p>Examples of response elements include:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Nuclear_receptor" title="Nuclear receptor">Nuclear receptor</a> (NR) response elements – two 6-meric repeats for dimeric binding

<ul><li>Type 1 NR response elements: inverted repeat<sup id="cite_ref-web1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

<ul><li>estrogen response elements (EREs)</li>

<li>androgen response elements (AREs)</li>

<li>glucocorticoid response elements (GREs)</li></ul></li>

<li>Type 2 NR response elements: direct repeat <a href="FASTA_format#Sequence_representation" title="FASTA format">RGKTCA</a> motifs, canonically AGGTCA<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

<ul><li><a href="VDRE" title="VDRE">Vitamin D response element (VDRE)</a></li>

<li>Retinoic acid response elements (RAREs)</li>

<li><a href="RAR-related_orphan_receptor_alpha#Mechanism" title="RAR-related orphan receptor alpha">ROR-response element</a></li>

<li>Thyroid hormone response element</li>

<li>Growth hormone response element (GHRE)</li>

<li><a href="Peroxisome_proliferator-activated_receptor#Physiological_function" title="Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor">Peroxisome proliferator hormone response elements (PPREs)</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="CAMP_response_element" class="mw-redirect" title="CAMP response element">cAMP response element (CRE)</a></li>

<li><a href="B_recognition_element" title="B recognition element">B recognition element</a></li>

<li><a href="Aryl_hydrocarbon_receptor#DNA_binding_(xenobiotic_response_element_–_XRE)" title="Aryl hydrocarbon receptor">AhR-, dioxin- or xenobiotic- responsive element</a> (XRE)</li>

<li><a href="Hypoxia-inducible_factor#Mechanism" title="Hypoxia-inducible factor">Hypoxia-responsive elements</a> (HREs)</li>

<li><a href="Serum_response_factor#Function" title="Serum response factor">Serum response element (SRE)</a></li>

<li><a href="MTF1#Function" title="MTF1">Metal-responsive element (MRE)</a></li>

<li>DNA damage response element (DRE)</li>

<li><a href="Interferon#Downstream_signaling" title="Interferon">IFN-stimulated response elements (ISREs)</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR029309">Calcium-response element CaRE1</a></li>

<li><a href="NFE2L2" title="NFE2L2">Antioxidant response element (ARE)</a></li>

<li>p53 response element</li>

<li><a href="Sterol_regulatory_element-binding_protein#Function" title="Sterol regulatory element-binding protein">Sterol regulatory element</a> (StRE)</li>

<li><a href="Polycomb-group_proteins" title="Polycomb-group proteins">Polycomb</a> response elements (PREs)</li>

<li><a href="HIV_Rev_response_element" title="HIV Rev response element">Rev response element (RRE)</a></li>

<li><a href="TCF/LEF_family#History" title="TCF/LEF family">Wnt response element</a> (WRE), core CTTTG</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFKimball2011" class="citation web cs1">Kimball JW (25 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biology-pages.info/S/SteroidREs.html">"Steroid Hormone Receptors and their Response Elements"</a>. <i>Kimball's Biology Pages</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-isbn0-7167-4366-3-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-isbn0-7167-4366-3_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKriegerScottMatsudairaLodish2003" class="citation book cs1">Krieger M, Scott MP, Matsudaira PT, Lodish HF, Darnell JE, Lawrence Z, Kaiser C, Berk A (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/molecularcellbio00harv/page/973"><i>Molecular Cell Biology</i></a></span> (Fifth ed.). San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/molecularcellbio00harv/page/973">973 pages</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7167-4366-3</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPenvoseKeenanBrayRamlall2019" class="citation journal cs1">Penvose, A; Keenan, JL; Bray, D; Ramlall, V; Siggers, T (7 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6555819">"Comprehensive study of nuclear receptor DNA binding provides a revised framework for understanding receptor specificity"</a>. <i>Nature Communications</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 2514. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NatCo..10.2514P">2019NatCo..10.2514P</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-019-10264-3">10.1038/s41467-019-10264-3</a></span>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6555819">6555819</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31175293">31175293</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=response+element">response+element</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Transcription_(bacterial,_eukaryotic)309" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Transcription_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcription (genetics)">Transcription</a> (<a href="Bacterial_transcription" title="Bacterial transcription">bacterial</a>, <a href="Eukaryotic_transcription" title="Eukaryotic transcription">eukaryotic</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Transcriptional_regulation" title="Transcriptional regulation">Transcriptional regulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">prokaryotic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Operon" title="Operon">Operon</a>

<ul><li><a href="Lac_operon" title="Lac operon">lac operon</a></li>

<li><a href="Trp_operon" title="Trp operon">trp operon</a></li>

<li><a href="Gab_operon" title="Gab operon">gab operon</a></li>

<li><a href="Gua_Operon" title="Gua Operon">Gua Operon</a></li>

<li><a href="L-arabinose_operon" title="L-arabinose operon">ara operon</a></li>

<li><a href="Gal_operon" title="Gal operon">gal operon</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Repressor" title="Repressor">Repressor</a>

<ul><li><a href="Lac_repressor" title="Lac repressor">lac repressor</a></li>

<li><a href="Tryptophan_repressor" title="Tryptophan repressor">trp repressor</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">eukaryotic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Histone-modifying_enzymes" title="Histone-modifying enzymes">Histone-modifying enzymes</a><br>(<a href="Histone" title="Histone">histone</a>/<a href="Nucleosome" title="Nucleosome">nucleosome</a>):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Histone_methylation" title="Histone methylation">Histone methylation</a>/<a href="Histone_methyltransferase" title="Histone methyltransferase">Histone methyltransferase</a>

<li><a href="Demethylase" title="Demethylase">Histone demethylase</a></li>

<li><a href="Histone_acetylation_and_deacetylation" title="Histone acetylation and deacetylation">Histone acetylation and deacetylation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Histone_deacetylase" title="Histone deacetylase">Histone deacetylase</a> <a href="HDAC1" title="HDAC1">HDAC1</a></li>

<li><a href="Histone_acetyltransferase" title="Histone acetyltransferase">Histone acetyltransferase</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="DNA_methylation" title="DNA methylation">DNA methylation</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><ul><li><a href="DNA_methyltransferase" title="DNA methyltransferase">DNA methyltransferase</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Chromatin_remodeling" title="Chromatin remodeling">Chromatin remodeling</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">both</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Transcription_coregulator" title="Transcription coregulator">Transcription coregulator</a>

<ul><li><a href="Activator_(genetics)" title="Activator (genetics)">Activator</a></li>

<li><a href="Coactivator_(genetics)" title="Coactivator (genetics)">Coactivator</a></li>

<li><a href="Corepressor" title="Corepressor">Corepressor</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Inducer" title="Inducer">Inducer</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Promotion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Promoter_(genetics)" title="Promoter (genetics)">Promoter</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pribnow_box" title="Pribnow box">Pribnow box</a></li>

</ul></li>

<li><a href="Enhancer_(genetics)" title="Enhancer (genetics)">Enhancer</a>

</ul></li>

<li><a href="Insulator_(genetics)" title="Insulator (genetics)">Insulator</a></li>

<li><a href="Silencer_(DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Silencer (DNA)">Silencer</a></li>

<li><a href="Internal_control_region" title="Internal control region">Internal control region</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Initiation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bacterial_transcription#Initiation" title="Bacterial transcription">Bacterial</a></li>

<li><a href="Eukaryotic_transcription#Initiation" title="Eukaryotic transcription">Eukaryotic</a></li>

<li><a href="Archaeal_transcription_factor_B" title="Archaeal transcription factor B">Archaeal transcription factor B</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elongation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bacterial_transcription#Elongation" title="Bacterial transcription">bacterial</a> <a href="RNA_polymerase" title="RNA polymerase">RNA polymerase</a>: <a href="RpoB" title="RpoB">rpoB</a></li>

<li><a href="Eukaryotic_transcription#Transcription_process" title="Eukaryotic transcription">eukaryotic</a> <a href="RNA_polymerase" title="RNA polymerase">RNA polymerase</a>: <a href="RNA_polymerase_II" title="RNA polymerase II">RNA polymerase II</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Termination<br>(<a href="Bacterial_transcription#Termination" title="Bacterial transcription">bacterial</a>,<br> <a href="Eukaryotic_transcription#Termination" title="Eukaryotic transcription">eukaryotic</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Terminator_(genetics)" title="Terminator (genetics)">Terminator</a></li>

<li><a href="Intrinsic_termination" title="Intrinsic termination">Intrinsic termination</a></li>

<li><a href="Rho_factor" title="Rho factor">Rho factor</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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